1. Origin, Make-up, and Molecular Architecture
1.1 All-natural Resource and Biochemical Account
(Animal Protein Frothing Agent)
Animal protein-based frothing agents are obtained primarily from hydrolyzed keratin or collagen sourced from slaughterhouse by-products such as hooves, horns, bones, and hides.
Through regulated alkaline or chemical hydrolysis, these architectural proteins are broken down right into amphiphilic polypeptides abundant in amino acids like glycine, proline, and hydroxyproline, which possess both hydrophilic (– NH â‚‚,– COOH) and hydrophobic (aliphatic side chains) practical groups.
This dual affinity enables the particles to adsorb successfully at air– water interfaces throughout mechanical oygenation, decreasing surface area tension and maintaining bubble development– a crucial demand for producing consistent mobile concrete.
Unlike synthetic surfactants, pet healthy protein foaming agents are eco-friendly, non-toxic, and exhibit exceptional compatibility with Portland concrete systems as a result of their ionic nature and modest pH buffering capacity.
The molecular weight circulation of the hydrolysate– normally in between 500 and 10,000 Da– straight influences foam stability, drainage price, and bubble size, making procedure control throughout hydrolysis important for consistent performance.
1.2 Foam Generation System and Microstructure Control
When diluted with water (typically at proportions of 1:20 to 1:30) and introduced into a foam generator, the protein remedy forms a viscoelastic film around entrained air bubbles under high-shear problems.
This movie stands up to coalescence and Ostwald ripening– the diffusion-driven development of bigger bubbles at the expenditure of smaller ones– by creating a mechanically robust interfacial layer strengthened through hydrogen bonding and electrostatic interactions.
The resulting foam displays high growth ratios (typically 15– 25:1) and reduced drain rates (
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